richard

What I learned over a year of growing with Soil Biology

It’s been just over a year that I completed Elaine Ingham’s Life in the Soil classes. It seems a good time to take stock, as we go into the colder part of the year when practical fieldwork winds down. So what have I learned?

There is certainly promise in the end results – very visibly in the case of the beans, and noticeably in the improved taste and productivity of the tomatoes. We only have one polytunnel for the tomatoes in 2016, but we got almost as much yield this year from this one than from two polytunnels of tomatoes [ref]We have three polytunnels, all of the same size and colocated[/ref] in 2015.

I know of no way of quantitatively analysing taste, but several of our CSA members observed the much better flavour of our tomatoes compared with shop bought ones. However, one other thing we changed across the years was have a dedicated CSA member Ann look after the tomatoes, pinching out all the offshoots and training the stems along the frames. Because we could not afford a control plot with the tomatoes, the almost doubling of yield could be the result of her extra care and attention to detail, or a combination of the her work assisted by the compost extract.

The compost extract was used in the polytunnel with the tomatoes in July 2015 and some of what was left over was also used in polytunnel 1 which was where the beans were planted, with the ribbon tied to the frame to show the extent of the coverage, the left behind compost after extraction also went into the tomatoes in polytunnel 2.

The beans at the back show very noticeably more vigorous growth and had a much higher yield, and this coincided exactly with a ribbon showing the limit of the compost extract.

Not every attempt showed success – last year we tried some outdoor tests on defined plots in the sweetcorn crop. This crop was lost to the initially wet and dull start to 2015 and not enough manpower for weeding. I felt there was some difference in one of the plots, but not enough to make a clear picture and not enough to redeem the crop.

Continue reading “What I learned over a year of growing with Soil Biology”

Compost from start to thermal equilibrium

a compost heap tracked all the way from start to thermal equilibrium. The sensr for the green trace was reallocated to ambient about 1/4 way through

I recently tracked a compost heap from start to reaching thermal equilibrium. Partway through we started another one, and one of the sensors was allocated to tracking ambient. While a single data point isn’t conclusive, it was interesting to see the week 37 (12-18 Sept 2016) second breath of this heap after the second turn coincided with a week of particularly warm weather. This points to a potential ambient sensitivity and it being worth tracking ambient in future and perhaps insulating the heap more in the later stages.

I will keep the technology of remote temperature sensing here, because I’d imagine horticulturalists aren’t that into electronics 😉

Compost reaching thermal equilibrium – temperature chart

Both of our current compost heaps, 160901 and 160910 have now reached stable equilibrium. The two graphs below show the complete “heap lifetime” temperature against time. The tail of each chart is now reasonably steady, suggesting they are now “mature”. It’s between five and six weeks since we first built these heaps.

The complete “lifetime” temperature profile of compost heap 160901 started on the 1st September 2016. The second probe was first at a different level within the heap, and then reallocated to monitoring outside temp at the start of week 37

Temperature profile of the heap using chicken manure slurry, heap number 160910, showing the much faster burn initially

In both of these there seems to be a reasonable evenness through the pile when both temperature probes are active, the temperature recording tips of the probes were set in the centre of the pile horizontally, and at about 1/3 and 2/3 from the top of the compost heap material.

We had a quick look at 160901 compost under the microscope a little while back and it was very exciting!

Bacteria and protozoa, magnification 400x in heap number 160901

How to use an external GPS with a smartphone

The best GPS for a Brit searching for prehistoric stones is a GPS which has OS maps built in.

The trouble with these is the sticker shock, you’re looking at about £300-400, which is still a bit stiff. If you start with nothing, it’s probably still the best way, and you will undoubtedly get a better moving map experience, particularly with a GPS including an electronic compass, which will orient the map correctly for you.

I had a smartphone and Viewranger. I’d bought the Landranger 1:50k set of OS maps on viewranger for about £70 – once you buy digital mapping you’re locked into that provider unless you want to pay up again.

Smartphone GPS is awful and power-hungry

The big problem with a smartphone is that GPS performance is dreadful. Quite how dreadful I hadn’t realised until I got out on Dartmoor and tried to use Viewranger, which made no attempt made to track current position.Well, pretty much until I was on my way back to the start point. I had a paper map anyway, although the smartphone version was easier to control in the wind!

A-GPS doesn't help you here — A-GPS doesn’t help you here

The problem with a smartphone GPS is that by design it will fail you when you need it most, on a featureless moor with no signal. It is new-born each time you start it up. Rather than maintaining the ephemeris (knowing where to look for the satellites) when the phone is off, smartphones use A-GPS – getting the rough location from the network connection and using this to simulate the ephemeris.

Which is OK in towns, and no good to man nor beast in rural areas, because there’s no network connection. So you get to do a cold start of the GPS which can take over half an hour. No fun at all when you are out on Dartmoor. Even in towns the performance of smartphone GPS is dire, compared to a handheld GPS, as I found out looking for birds. Plus it’s power-hungry – running about 43mA @ 5V with continuous GPS on, compared to 25mA with a BT GPS.

Go for a separate Bluetooth GPS

A secondhand CoPilot GPS3 The default Bluettoh code for one of these is 0183 (from NMEA 0183 protocol, I guess) — A secondhand CoPilot BTGPS3, 2003 vintage
The default Bluetooth code for one of these is 0183 (from NMEA 0183 protocol, I guess)

and use an app to get the location signal into the phone, something like Bluetooth GPS to set this as a mock location provider. Then shut off the internal GPS to save power. Start the hardware, then start the app before starting Viewranger, and everything will work better than before. The CoPilot battery is good for six hours, ebay has many more modern equivalents which probably have better battery life. You can save more smartphone power in the sticks by putting the phone into flight mode and specifically re-enabling Bluetooth, this shuts down the power-hungry wifi and phone data systems. Plus it stops Google knowing where you are in real time 😉

I still hanker after a Garmin GPSMAP64 because while this sorts out the poor GPS performance, it is hard to see the smartphone display outdoors, even under a wide overcast sky, and impossible with sunlight falling on it. Nevertheless, the smartphone app is a lot more practical now.

Laverstoke Park Tea Brewer

Laverstoke Park Farm is a UK site with specialised knowledge of Elaine Ingham’s methods. Sadly their farm shop has closed, we dropped by on route back from holiday last week in the hope of buying a bag of their compost (to inoculate our soil and compost heaps), but no joy, so we’ll email them in the hope of being able to buy a bag or two, or maybe even visit (it looks fantastic!)

We had invested recently in a small compost tea brewer which Laverstoke Park developed, to learn more about how it is done, before we try this on a bigger scale. We have used compost extract rather than compost tea to date as it is easier and safer.

The kit is basically a 3W aquarium pump, an air stone and bucket

The kits came with some microbes in a tube, but the tube seemed to be out of date. Sadly our first attempt with this mix failed as the pump fell from its perch (no harm done, fortunately) and this, admittedly early aborted, brew didn’t appear to contain much exciting under the microscope.

We are now going to wait until we have some promising Oak Tree compost (from heap 160901 , or heap 160910 if either look good under the microscope) or have some Laverstoke Park compost before we try using the brewer again. We’ll keep you posted!

Outer wrapping restored about 13:00 to maintain temp

The heap is now dropping below the 66 deg C temperature mark so the outer wrapping was replaced around 1pm. Today is a hot day, the highest September recorded for many years, so the heap has ambient temp on its side.

Temperature against time and date of this compost heap.

Good points and bad points of this heap:

This heap heated up far more successfully than any of our previous heaps! and we look forward to putting some of the matured compost (when it has dropped ambient temperature) under the microscope. We put this sucess down to the pelleted chicken manure pellets mixed into a slurry with water which raised the temperature dramatically!

Outstanding issues:

It is possible the fast high burn rate of the early stages has exhausted the material, or that some was pasteurised at 74C?
The temperature profile isn’t 100% perfect, but it is certainly very promising.

Second compost turn at 70C

After the drama of needing to turn this heap very early on a Sunday morning (we had obviously overdone the chicken manure slurry) it heated up over the day so we turned again at about 19:30 Sunday evening.

This time we left off the insulation around the outside of the container, though retained the insulation in the top made of bundled up mypex woven black weed control fabric.

First compost heap turn at 74C

This graph shows the temperature against time/date of a new heap that included a slurry of pelleted chicken manure, as explained in this earlier post. There is a gap in the data near the top of the graph – Richard had an upper limit of 70C on the data logger which he swiftly raised as a result!! You may notice that the rapid rise of temperature to danger point happened at approximately 5.30 am on a Sunday morning. Yes, this meant that Joanne woke Richard at this time to tell him, “the heap is going anerobic!!!” (very worrying and could cause a fire!) so we rushed up to the farm to turn it…!

overheating compost heap, turned in the morning at about 6am

Heap had gone down about a third (it wasn’t loaded to the top before, down to about the first set of holes probably)

Second compost heap turn and move to the small container

Although the temperature profile wasn’t up to scratch this heap has rotted down well, so it was turned into the small container to free up the big container for the next heap. Temperature sensors were reallocated to heap 160910 but box AS retained and long probe inserted, second probe is set to monitor ambient.

The end result of this turn: we moved the heap to our smallest compost bin as it had shrunk down so much.

We carefully took out the middle to ensure that a part of the heap that had not been fully heated in the centre had its turn.

We wrapped the heap up in mypex woven weed control plastic to insulate it, ensure plenty of space for air flow.

First compost heap turn on Tuesday

This heap turned Tuesday afternoon. Used fine mist on the spray to rewet some of it

Separating the different sections of the heap to ensure all parts get heated in the centre at some point.