Compost extract was a great success but it seems to take time to take effect. The effect on the sweetcorn was marginally noticeable with only a month and a half, whereas the beans were very noticeable the next year.
If this hypothesis is true (other differences are the crops were different, and the beans and tomatoes were in the polytunnels and the sweetcorn outside) then we need to really get the compost extract out now for next year.
Close-up of 160901 compost
The 160901 compost isn’t really ready, although it has fallen back to ambient temperature, so we chose to run the experiment to get ahead. This is much more bacterial than fungal under the microscope, which is to be expected as bacterial reproduction is so much faster. But needs must in this case.
We adopted a tip from Nigel of Landews Meadow Farm in Kent and trialled using about 0.5kg of compost stirred vigorously into about 40l of water in a trug. This is more economical with the compost than the method we used last year, so we can make more extract from a given amount of compost if it works, and it is more suited to our volumes for experimentation distributing by hand. The other method is more suited to bigger volumes and mechanical spraying, because the net curtain filter screens the particle size so it is less likely to clog pumps and nozzles.
The aim is to stir fast enough to establish a vortex in the water and occasionally reverse direction. Shades of Steiner’s biodynamics here, but also a good way to aerate a volume of water by hand.
Ben, visiting from Frith Farm CSA in Hull gave us a hand with stirring the extract
This project was for someone I know who is blind. If you can’t see your surrounds then coming into contact with things is always a surprise, she is elderly so it’s not easy to use a cane, which is the low-tech surprisingly effective way of orientating yourself if you can’t see.
the fisihed ranger – the glue stick on the side is to give a softwer contact and avoid damaging the ultrasonic sensors
Initially I thought the idea was original, but a little Googling shows it certainly isn’t and more sophisticated versions are available commercially, like the minigude and K sonar. But for the low cost ~ £15 of a PIC and a few bits it’s worth a go to see if the basic principle works, assistive tech seems very variable in effectiveness depending on the user.
Bats use ultrasonic pulses to locate things by emitting a pulse of high frequency sound and listening for the echo. More recently ultrasonic ranging has become a big thing in the robotics field. These modules turn the analogue interfacing into a microcontroller-friendly length of pulse digital signal. I bought a SR04 from ebay for less than £3, which does much of the hard work.
SR04 ultrasonic ranger module
You apply 5V, pulse the trig for 10μs and get a pulse of varying duration from Echo. It’s surprising easy to turn that into a tone rising in frequency as you get closer. Start a timer on the leading edge of the echo return, and when the training edge comes, copy the count into the duration control of another timer (copy into the PICs CCP module which controls the period of TMR1) Then toggle a pin when the CCP module resets TMR1.
You have to do a little error checking to catch timeouts or when the distance is too large, the signal gets more reliable as you get closer to an object, which is good. I was able to find doors and follow a wall using it. It works better when the ultrasonic sensors are vertical, the beam spread is narrower. It does not help you find things on the floor.
I was surprised how little it takes to make one of these now – all you need is the HC04, a 16f628 and a piezo speaker, and it runs 5mA off a 9V battery regulated down to 5V.
For the last year or so I’ve been trying to make an timed start recorder using a Raspberry Pi and the Wolfson/Cirrus audio card. I was able to make it work, but never eliminate some rattiness in terms of overruns on record – I confess I couldn’t hear them, but it didn’t give me a good feeling. Then I added up the costs –
£25 – Cirrus Audio card
£27 – Raspberry Pi B+£10 – case and odds and sods to make it work
£20 – PCB, time and bits to make a preamp to get from mic to line level
so I’m looking at £80 to get off the ground, and that gives me a seriously power-hungry SD audio recorder, although I can use a timer to save the power drain for active service.
Alternatively, if I could crack the remote control for them I could go on ebay and get a secondhand Olympus LS10, or one of the similar models (LS-5, LS-11, LS-12, LS-14) and use my own LS10 to start with. I can feed a mic straight into the LS10, no extra preamp required and the audio spec is good.
Reverse engineering the Olympus remote control protocol
This cost me £90 on ebay, and it turned out I didn’t need it. You get the info for free, but then I got a natty nearly new LS-14 with an RS30 remote control, so I’m not too unhappy. Unfortunately the RS30 doesn’t work with my Olympus LS10, don’t know why. I’d have been hacked off if I’d just got the RS301. Works a treat with the LS14 it came with, on their own a RS30 seems to go for £50, so I got an okay deal.
my Olympus recorders
Google first – I owe dashanna of the naturerecordists’ list for inspiration, I vaguely recall seeing that post go through on the list. Their solution is this
The connector is an evil little 2.5mm four-pole jack, and these are a bear to solder
nasty connectors to solder, though easier when you realise you only need to wire two parts. You can pick up 3.3V on the tip, which may be of use…
I can’t help wondering if life would be easier using a three-pole jack, since only sleeve and ring are needed. Now I didn’t like that battery in dashanna’s version – I mean who the heck would make a wired remote for a machine offering you a 3.3V supply on the tip of the plug and demand you go fit a battery in your remote? It’s just not a clean engineering solution at all. But apparently it works.
So I rigged the cable in series with the RS30 and sniffed the signals. Of the TRRS the tip had 3.3V, the second ring seemed open circuit, the first ring had the wanted signal and the sleeve was ground. Presumably the IR receiver and LED driver are powered off the 3.3V on tip. The signal on the first ring rests high at 3.3V.
Record is this funny little signal, 100ms at about 1.5V followed by a lowStop is this signal, pull to ground for 100ms
In practice you can ignore the second pulse. For all I know it could be an ack back to the receiver to light the LED. I tried using a couple of diodes to pull the signal down to 1.2V but that didn’t initialise record. I then figured this is one of those analogue resistor chain remotes, so I look for what resistor would give me ~1.5V. Turns out if you replace the 1.5V battery in dashanna’s schematic with 100k you get about 1.5V and the recorder starts recording. You don’t need the second pulse at all, and the debouncing seems to be done in the recorder, it takes a little while, up to about half a second to start recording. I guess that means inside the recorder there’s a 100k resistor to the 3.3V rail in series with the first ring.
That works with both the LS 10 and the new LS14, although the RS30 only works with the LS14. So now all I need do is mod the timer to pull down a couple of pins, one through 100k. If I make the stop command the open-drain pin to ring and the rec command a normal pin resting High via 100k to ring, and pull the relevant pin down for 100ms I should be good to go.
I’ve just got onto the Olympus RS30 website and if you scroll through the models that is compatible with it includes the LS-3, LS-5, LS-11, LS-12, LS14, LS-20M, LS100 so perhaps my LS10 was never compatible with it and Olympus have changed their mind since writing the LS10 manual which says on p65 “Exclusive remote control RS30W (scheduled for Spring 2008)” ↩
It’s been just over a year that I completed Elaine Ingham’s Life in the Soil classes. It seems a good time to take stock, as we go into the colder part of the year when practical fieldwork winds down. So what have I learned?
The polytunnel with the tomatoes
There is certainly promise in the end results – very visibly in the case of the beans, and noticeably in the improved taste and productivity of the tomatoes. We only have one polytunnel for the tomatoes in 2016, but we got almost as much yield this year from this one than from two polytunnels of tomatoes [ref]We have three polytunnels, all of the same size and colocated[/ref] in 2015.
I know of no way of quantitatively analysing taste, but several of our CSA members observed the much better flavour of our tomatoes compared with shop bought ones. However, one other thing we changed across the years was have a dedicated CSA member Ann look after the tomatoes, pinching out all the offshoots and training the stems along the frames. Because we could not afford a control plot with the tomatoes, the almost doubling of yield could be the result of her extra care and attention to detail, or a combination of the her work assisted by the compost extract.
The compost extract was used in the polytunnel with the tomatoes in July 2015 and some of what was left over was also used in polytunnel 1 which was where the beans were planted, with the ribbon tied to the frame to show the extent of the coverage, the left behind compost after extraction also went into the tomatoes in polytunnel 2.
The beans at the back show very noticeably more vigorous growth and had a much higher yield, and this coincided exactly with a ribbon showing the limit of the compost extract.
Not every attempt showed success – last year we tried some outdoor tests on defined plots in the sweetcorn crop. This crop was lost to the initially wet and dull start to 2015 and not enough manpower for weeding. I felt there was some difference in one of the plots, but not enough to make a clear picture and not enough to redeem the crop.
a compost heap tracked all the way from start to thermal equilibrium. The sensr for the green trace was reallocated to ambient about 1/4 way through
I recently tracked a compost heap from start to reaching thermal equilibrium. Partway through we started another one, and one of the sensors was allocated to tracking ambient. While a single data point isn’t conclusive, it was interesting to see the week 37 (12-18 Sept 2016) second breath of this heap after the second turn coincided with a week of particularly warm weather. This points to a potential ambient sensitivity and it being worth tracking ambient in future and perhaps insulating the heap more in the later stages.
I will keep the technology of remote temperature sensing here, because I’d imagine horticulturalists aren’t that into electronics 😉
Both of our current compost heaps, 160901 and 160910 have now reached stable equilibrium. The two graphs below show the complete “heap lifetime” temperature against time. The tail of each chart is now reasonably steady, suggesting they are now “mature”. It’s between five and six weeks since we first built these heaps.
The complete “lifetime” temperature profile of compost heap 160901 started on the 1st September 2016. The second probe was first at a different level within the heap, and then reallocated to monitoring outside temp at the start of week 37Temperature profile of the heap using chicken manure slurry, heap number 160910, showing the much faster burn initially
In both of these there seems to be a reasonable evenness through the pile when both temperature probes are active, the temperature recording tips of the probes were set in the centre of the pile horizontally, and at about 1/3 and 2/3 from the top of the compost heap material.
We had a quick look at 160901 compost under the microscope a little while back and it was very exciting!
Fungal hypha in heap 160901Bacteria and protozoa, magnification 400x in heap number 160901Another fungal hypha
The best GPS for a Brit searching for prehistoric stones is a GPS which has OS maps built in.
GPS with OS maps
The trouble with these is the sticker shock, you’re looking at about £300-400, which is still a bit stiff. If you start with nothing, it’s probably still the best way, and you will undoubtedly get a better moving map experience, particularly with a GPS including an electronic compass, which will orient the map correctly for you.
I had a smartphone and Viewranger. I’d bought the Landranger 1:50k set of OS maps on viewranger for about £70 – once you buy digital mapping you’re locked into that provider unless you want to pay up again.
Smartphone GPS is awful and power-hungry
The big problem with a smartphone is that GPS performance is dreadful. Quite how dreadful I hadn’t realised until I got out on Dartmoor and tried to use Viewranger, which made no attempt made to track current position.Well, pretty much until I was on my way back to the start point. I had a paper map anyway, although the smartphone version was easier to control in the wind!
A-GPS doesn’t help you here
The problem with a smartphone GPS is that by design it will fail you when you need it most, on a featureless moor with no signal. It is new-born each time you start it up. Rather than maintaining the ephemeris (knowing where to look for the satellites) when the phone is off, smartphones use A-GPS – getting the rough location from the network connection and using this to simulate the ephemeris.
Which is OK in towns, and no good to man nor beast in rural areas, because there’s no network connection. So you get to do a cold start of the GPS which can take over half an hour. No fun at all when you are out on Dartmoor. Even in towns the performance of smartphone GPS is dire, compared to a handheld GPS, as I found out looking for birds. Plus it’s power-hungry – running about 43mA @ 5V with continuous GPS on, compared to 25mA with a BT GPS.
Go for a separate Bluetooth GPS
A secondhand CoPilot BTGPS3, 2003 vintage The default Bluetooth code for one of these is 0183 (from NMEA 0183 protocol, I guess)
and use an app to get the location signal into the phone, something like Bluetooth GPS to set this as a mock location provider. Then shut off the internal GPS to save power. Start the hardware, then start the app before starting Viewranger, and everything will work better than before. The CoPilot battery is good for six hours, ebay has many more modern equivalents which probably have better battery life. You can save more smartphone power in the sticks by putting the phone into flight mode and specifically re-enabling Bluetooth, this shuts down the power-hungry wifi and phone data systems. Plus it stops Google knowing where you are in real time 😉
I still hanker after a Garmin GPSMAP64 because while this sorts out the poor GPS performance, it is hard to see the smartphone display outdoors, even under a wide overcast sky, and impossible with sunlight falling on it. Nevertheless, the smartphone app is a lot more practical now.
Laverstoke Park Farm is a UK site with specialised knowledge of Elaine Ingham’s methods. Sadly their farm shop has closed, we dropped by on route back from holiday last week in the hope of buying a bag of their compost (to inoculate our soil and compost heaps), but no joy, so we’ll email them in the hope of being able to buy a bag or two, or maybe even visit (it looks fantastic!)
We had invested recently in a small compost tea brewer which Laverstoke Park developed, to learn more about how it is done, before we try this on a bigger scale. We have used compost extract rather than compost tea to date as it is easier and safer.
The kit is basically a 3W aquarium pump, an air stone and bucket
Air stone in bucketAir stone running
The kits came with some microbes in a tube, but the tube seemed to be out of date. Sadly our first attempt with this mix failed as the pump fell from its perch (no harm done, fortunately) and this, admittedly early aborted, brew didn’t appear to contain much exciting under the microscope.
We are now going to wait until we have some promising Oak Tree compost (from heap 160901 , or heap 160910 if either look good under the microscope) or have some Laverstoke Park compost before we try using the brewer again. We’ll keep you posted!
The heap is now dropping below the 66 deg C temperature mark so the outer wrapping was replaced around 1pm. Today is a hot day, the highest September recorded for many years, so the heap has ambient temp on its side.
This heap heated up far more successfully than any of our previous heaps! and we look forward to putting some of the matured compost (when it has dropped ambient temperature) under the microscope. We put this sucess down to the pelleted chicken manure pellets mixed into a slurry with water which raised the temperature dramatically!
Outstanding issues:
It is possible the fast high burn rate of the early stages has exhausted the material, or that some was pasteurised at 74C?
The temperature profile isn’t 100% perfect, but it is certainly very promising.
After the drama of needing to turn this heap very early on a Sunday morning (we had obviously overdone the chicken manure slurry) it heated up over the day so we turned again at about 19:30 Sunday evening.
Before the turn.Heap uncoveredclose up
This time we left off the insulation around the outside of the container, though retained the insulation in the top made of bundled up mypex woven black weed control fabric.
